Endocannabinoid synthesis, release
- In standard neurotransmission, the pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft which binds to cognate receptors expressed on the post-synaptic neuron. Upon binding, the neuron depolarizes. This depolarization facilitates the influx of calcium into the neuron; this increase in calcium activates an enzyme called transacylase which catalyzes the first step of endocannabinoid biosynthesis by converting phosphatidylethanolamine, a membrane-resident phospholipid, into N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE).
- Experiments have shown that multiple phospholipases cleave NAPE to yield anandamide [8][9].
- In NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPEPLD) knockouts, the PLD-mediated cleavage of NAPE is reduced, not abolished, in low calcium concentrations, suggesting multiple, distinct pathways are involved in AEA biosynthesis (Leung et al., 2006).
- Once released into the extracellular space by a putative endocannabinoid transporter, messengers are vulnerable to glial inactivation.
- Endocannabinoids are uptaken via a putative transporter and degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) which cleaves anandamide and MGLL, which cleaves 2-AG to arachidonic acid & ethanolamine and arachidonic acid & glycerol, respectively (reviewed in Pazos et al., 2005).
ARAKIDONIHAPPO tunnistetaan leukotrieenejä (LTs) ja prostaglandiineja (PGs) muodostavien entsyymien järjestelmässä muualla kehosoluissa, mutta on ollut kyseenalaista valiutuuko tämä aineenvaihduntareitti myös keskushermostossa siten että LT ja PG tuotteilla olisi uutta tehtävää löydettävissä aivoalueella
- While arachidonic acid is a substrate for leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis, it is unclear whether this degradative byproduct has novel functions in the CNS (Yamaguchi et al., 2001; Brock, T., 2005).
- Emerging data in the field also points to FAAH being expressed in the postsynaptic neuron, suggesting it also contributes to the clearance and inactivation of anandamide and 2-AG by endocannabinoid reuptake.
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